DETERRENCE IN THE PROBLEM-SOLUTION CONTEXT

  It is an obvious fact that nuclear weapons cause harmful effects. In this issue, It is necessary to mention the problems created by these harmful effects of lethal weapons. When a nuclear weapon explodes, it creates a fireball with the same temperature as the center of the sun. About 85% of the energy of the explosion produces air blasts and thermal radiation ( heat). The remaining 15% is emitted as initial radiation produces the  first   minute or so and residual radiation is  emitted over a period of time. (Duraković 1995)

 90% of deaths are caused by heat injury and/or explosion effects, and 10% are caused by exposure to radiation that is extremely fatal.Ionizing radiation causes mortality in the intermediate stage, which covers the ten to twelve weeks that follow. The late phase, which includes the following thirteen to twenty weeks, is when a survivor's condition may start to improve. If the person was exposed to between a few hundred and thousands of radiation, the delayed period can be accompanied by fruitlessness, subfertility, blood disorders, and heightened cancer rate. (D.1 2017). 1 in 80 people are likely to develop fatal cancer, and 2 in 80 may develop the aforementioned non-fatal effects of radiation. Radiation also harms the skin, lungs, gonads, and eyes, among to, her body organs. There are also late effects such as cataracts, vascular damage and genetic alterations in common scenarios of massive exposures to at least 100 cGy. (Duraković 1995)

  It has long been shown that moderate to high doses of radiation cause leukemia and many types of solid cancer. Moreover, nuclear radiation leads to cardiovascular disease. According to research, Japanese atomic bomb survivors inferred a heart disease dose-response curve that appeared linear in nature. (Shore 2014)

In conclusion, it is required  to explain their solutions the aforementioned problems. Perhaps the uncomplicated risk mitigation policy to implement is to increase awareness and transparency regarding the training of personnel involved in nuclear weapons infrastructure. Such incidents regularly include "negligible practices", including security breaches and fraud. Training of all those involved in nuclear weapons infrastructure in the scientific, military, and political spheres is therefore an important component of risk reduction, especially in preventing the unintended use of nuclear weapons.For instance, training could include security procedures, cyber hygiene, stress testing, and simulation exercises, including extreme scenarios that require multiple complexities to be considered simultaneously in nuclear weapons decision-making. Training based on past mistakes and incidents can help prevent similar accidents. There are currently about 15,000 nuclear weapons in the world. All nuclear weapons carry the risk of being used intentionally or accidentally. Not surprisingly, limiting the number and storage of nuclear weapons is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of their use. In this regard, bilateral arms control agreements between the United States and Russia, the world's largest nuclear weapon states, have proven very effective in the past. These agreements, which limited the maximum number of deployed nuclear warheads, have reduced the total number of nuclear weapons in the world from about 70,000 in the 1980s to about 15,000 today. Non-nuclear-weapon states can play a role as facilitators in working towards the implementation of such policies. Besides that,  The Security Council of the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Non-Proliferation Treaty could serve as a forum to deliberate such measures. A key risk mitigation measure is to keep the threshold for the intentional use of nuclear weapons as high as possible. The lower the threshold, the more likely it will be taken seriously. (Meer 2018). In addition, With the development of nuclear weapons, countries have made various agreements to discourage the use of nuclear weapons. . For instance, the CENOVA protocol, Strategical Weapons Treaty, 1960 Limited Test Ban Treaty (ABD. USSR, UK), 1987 Ýntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (ABD, USSR), 1987 (MTCRMissle Technology Control Regime1991,  Strategical Weapons Treaty (START-I), 1993 Strategical Weapons Treaty(START-II), 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.   (Bozbıyık 2001)

 

REFERENCES

Bozbıyık, Arif, et al. 2001. «Nükleer silahlar: Üretimi ve etkileri.» Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi.

D.1, Petrakis. 2017. «An overview update in chemical, biological and nuclear weapons and their effects on human health.» Здравоохранение Российской Федерации.

Duraković, Asaf. 1995. «Medical concerns of the current nuclear reality.»

Meer, Sico van der. 2018. «Reducing nuclear weapons risks A menu of 11 policy options.» Policy Brief.

Shore, Roy E. 2014. «Radiation impacts on human health: certain, fuzzy, and unknown.".» Health physics.