First of all, the concept of nuclear deterrence emerged with the use and spread of nuclear weapons, as it first comes to mind. One important illustration of this, since the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, nuclear weapons have been regarded as the ultimate weapon unmatched by any other weapon system. (K. J. Frey 2006) To clarify the definition I would like to say that a well-known economist, Michael Keane, explained the term this way: "To prevent action caused by fear of consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind that results from the presence of an unacceptable threat. Also, deterrence is most parsimoniously defined by Glenn Synder as “the force that deters action, outweighs its benefits. Thomas Schelling describes deterrence as “…what the adversary threats designed to deter.” (Keane, Dictionary of Modern Strategy and Tactics 2005) –
Secondly, the important issue is nuclear deterrents were used to prevent the threat of nuclear attack and began life as a threat to destroy cities. (Not so surprising after Hiroshima) (Wilson 2008).Thus, a question comes to mind, when was the concept of nuclear deterrence first introduced? At the beginning of the Cold War period, which was spent in an environment of vagueness and force, deterrence theory emerged and even developed. (The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1991).From the past to the present, the purpose of military organizations was to win wars, but from now on, they desire to prevent these wars. Thus, the effort to solve the nuclear weapon problem radically has revealed the concept of deterrence. Nuclear deterrence has an easy-to-understand principle from the past: the threat of nuclear attack and retaliation in the nuclear context is not accepted by the possibility of counter-reprisal. He agrees that this system is the condition of deterring an enemy in this era of lethal weapons, regardless of political ideals. As a result of what I have mentioned, there is a lot of debate going on about this condition from the past to the present. (Miller 2014) Besides that, this concept has had a great impact on Western strategic thinking. (ARBATOV, Alexey. Nuclear Deterrence: A Guarantee for or Threat to Strategic Stability?. In: NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2020. TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2021. p. 65-86. tarih yok). When this concept was introduced there was a question that provided the basis for their discussion. "What deters?" For example, Colin Gray argued that nuclear war was necessary, whereas Bernard Bolie argued that nuclear war was not necessary. This concept has given rise to different ideas. Additionally, "What fails us?" The answer to the question was given by Robert Jervis. He thought that misperception would fail this system. (Miller 2014)
Another important issue I would like to mention is the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons, which underpins the concept of deterrence. The 2017 agreement negotiations were the first multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations in more than two decades and the first negotiations by the most comprehensive United Nations body, the United Nations(UN) General Assembly. Their mandate was to “negotiate a legally binding instrument to ban nuclear weapons and ensure their complete elimination.I would like to summarize the treaty with a word from Peter Maurer, Chairman of the International Committee of the Red Cross: "Today, the world has taken a historic step to de-legitimize these indiscriminate and inhuman weapons, which are a very important basis for their elimination." (WFPHA | World Federation of Public Health Associations tarih yok)
In conclusion, we will take a superficial look at the structures of deterrence theories applied by countries at various times from the past to the present. For instance, according to what is written in the decree, Russia has an extraordinary deterrence factor based on this system, which is seen not only as deterrence but also as a defense policy. The main thing in this defense policy is to face whether the opponent can reach his goal. This is clear proof that the state trusts its deterrence ability. (Sokov tarih yok). Another country is France. French deterrence is meant to prevent any action against essential interests. The roots of this deterrent policy are tied to the enlightened ideas of several military figures, Pierre Marie Gallois and Andre Beaufre, who started working for NATO in the middle of the 20th century, and Colonel Lucien Poirier, who played an important role in the Ministry of Defense by striving to make this strategy noteworthy. (Tertrais tarih yok) Another significant country is the US. The basic idea of US deterrence is that the US cannot and should not trust its adversaries. Mistrust is seen as the foundation of philosophy, trust is irrational, and belief in guns is essential. (Kegley 1991). In addition, South Korean strategy is based on three military concepts originally named Korean Air Missile Defense, Kill Chain, and the Republic of Korea Massive Punitive Retaliation. The overall strategy relies on both deterrence and punitive topic through denial, South Korea believes it enhances deterrence by reminding North Korean leaders of a failed attack and the potential for serious retaliation.
(Ian Bowers 2021)
REFERENCES
The Journal of Interdisciplinary History içinde. The MIT Press, 1991.
«ARBATOV, Alexey. Nuclear Deterrence: A Guarantee for or Threat to Strategic Stability?. In: NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2020. TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2021. p. 65-86.»
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS SYMBOLS: The Role of Norms in Nuclear Policy Making içinde, yazan Karsten J. Frey. Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals - IBEI, 2006.
International Security içinde, yazan Henrik Stålhane Hiim Ian Bowers. 2021.
Dictionary of Modern Strategy and Tactics içinde, yazan Michael Keane. Naval Institute Press, 2005.
«Questioning The Morality Of Nuclear Deterrence.» After The Cold War içinde, yazan Charles Kegley. 1991.
Strategy and Nuclear Deterrence içinde, yazan Steven E. Miller. 2014.
Sokov, Dr. Nikolai. Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation.
https://vcdnp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ukaz-on-nuclear-deterrence_final.pdf.
French Nuclear Deterrence Policy, Forces, içinde, yazan Bruno Tertrais.
WFPHA | World Federation of Public Health Associations.
https://www.wfpha.org/.
The Myth Of Nuclear Deterrence içinde, yazan Ward Wilson. 2008.
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